¶ … Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer
Lifestyle
Eating Better
Cutting down on alcohol
Giving up Tobacco
Exercising
Controlling Stress
Medications/Surgical
Medications approved to treat breast cancer:
Abitrexate
Abraxane
Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine
Afinitor et al. (National Cancer Institute, 2016).
Concept Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
ETIOLOGY
Primary
The etiology of breast cancer remains mainly unidentified. Risk factors linked with breast cancer can be clustered into three comprehensive contributing factors: i. family history (hereditary) factors, ii. hormonal reproductive factors
environmental factors (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).
Secondary
Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes may influence risk of breast cancer from environmental chemicals, dietary agents, and endogenous steroids (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).
BREAST CANCER
DIAGNOSIS
History/Physical
Lump or contour change
Skin tethering
Nipple inversion
Dilated veins
Ulceration
Paget disease
Edema or peau d'orange (Medscape, 2015)
Diagnostic/Lab Tests
Chest x-ray (CXR) Complete blood count (CBC)
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Lactate Urine analysis (UA)
Urine culture (UC)
Blood cultures x2 sites (Rischer, 2013)
PATHOGENESIS
Primary
When estrogen goes into the cell, it fixes the ER and the complex drifts into the nucleus and results in the production of transcription proteins that prompts changes in the cell. Consequently, owing to estrogen's proliferative features, its cellular stimulus can have adverse outcomes in patients conveying large amounts of these receptors intracellularly (Yager and Davidson, 2006).
Secondary
Contrivance of carcinogenesis continues to be mostly unidentified, but overexpression...
(2013). Unfolding Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Breast Cancer Content/Concept Map. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.keithrn.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Breast-Cancer-Content-Concepts-Map-for-Case-Study1.pdf
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast
DeBruin, L. S., & Josephy, P. D. (2002). Perspectives on the chemical etiology of breast cancer. Environmental health perspectives, 110(Suppl 1), 119.
Krans, B., Cafasso, J. (2015). Warning Signs of Breast Cancer. Healthline. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/warning-signs#SignsandSymptoms3
Yager, J. D., & Davidson, N. E. (2006). Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(3), 270-282.
DIAGNOSIS
History/Physical
Patient voiding diary
-Evidently low volume, force of urinary stream and flow rate
Digital Rectal Exam
-Reveals large rubbery and non-tender gland
Measurement of post-void residual urine
Higher…
